四川师范大学教师教育学院心理学课件第5章 学习.pptVIP

PSYCHOLOGY 第5章 学习LEARNING Introduction to Psychology Depart. Psycho. Peking University Outlines What is learning? Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Cognitive-Social Theory 1.1 Definition Learning refers to any enduring change in the way an organism responds based on its experience. 因为经验而使有机体的反应方式产生持久 的改变 疲劳、药物、疾病和损伤不属于学习范畴 Key Elements of Learning A change in behavior or behavioral potential A relatively permanent change Based on experience 1.2 Why is learning important? The environment does not stand still 分辨食物与生存环境 天性有限（小孩喜欢甜味） The environment varies(Age, place, culture) 袒胸露臂与迷你裙 老实厚道与无能 Human being--Social animal 认知、情感、态度、人格、价值信仰等 1.3 Sharing assumptions Experience shapes behavior 经验塑造行为 Learning is adaptive 学习是适应 Experimental research on the laws of learning 学习可以用实验法进行研究 2 Classical Conditioning 巴甫洛夫（Ivan Pavlov）（1849-1936） 研究狗的消化系统（Nobel winner） 唾液分泌（Salivation） 反射（reflex） 华生（Watson） 动物和人类适用同样的学习法则 2.1 Pavlov Model Conditioning Unconditioned reflex 学习是一种联系的建立（获得） The organism learns to associate CS with UCS UCS, UCR CR, CR NS，中性刺激，与UCS多次重复出现... Classical conditioning 3 Operant Conditioning Edward L. Thorndike: Law of Effect S-R connection 尝试－错误机制(blind trial-error) 行为倾向取决于该行为产生的环境效果 Law of effect=Instrumental conditioning B.F. Skinner: Operant Conditioning 学习是一种反应概率上的变化，而强化是增强反应概率的手段。 3.1 Operants and Consequence Operants: Emitted/Elicited Instrumental conditioning(Thorndike) Consequence Reinforcement Punishment 3.2 Reinforcement Making the response more likely to recur Two kinds of Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement 提供奖赏 Negative Reinforcement 终止一个负面刺激（负面强化物） 3.3 Punishment Decreases the probability that a response will recur Positive Negative Punishment Common Problem in Using Punishment 惩罚效果差的原因 惩罚与操作难以对号 对惩罚人而非受罚行为害怕 存在其他奖励 惩罚受（领导）长辈的情绪所左右 （一致性差） 攻击性惩罚导致更多的攻击行为 建议：惩罚＋说理（或强化） 3.4 Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous reinforcement schedule Partial or Intermittent schedules Ratio schedules Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio Interval schedu