Monte- Carlo-methods-in- H- E- P课件.pptVIP

Assume that the particle is electron in gas. It can: With probability p1 : ionize the gas, loose some momentum, produce N secondary electrons with momenta P1,… Do nothing with probability 1-p1 Generate random number r. if rp1 Generate momenta of secondary electrons, add them to your list of particles to be tracked, reduce the momentum of initial electron * If the particle is photon, it can: Convert and produce electron-positron pair with probability p1 Compton scatter with probability p2 Ionize the matter with probability p3 Generate random number r If rp1, convert the electron If p1rp1+p2 generate Compton electron, reduce photon momentum If p1+p2rp1+p2+p3 ionize the matter…. * If the particle is hadron … Simulate its interaction with matter, produce hadronic showers, add them to your list of particles, And so on! Continue until all your particles leave the detector area, decay or are stopped in material! * Problem: A single particle (electron for example) can produce a shower of millions of bazylions of secondary particles. Do I need to track all of them, one by one? Yes! This is why particle tracking through detector is VERY CPU intensive. * Fast detector simulation Particle tracking is very slow Which is why people often use “fast” and “full” detector simulation Fast simulation is fast, but it gives an approximate description of the detector, it can be used at preliminary stages of analysis For final analysis full simulation should be used. (At least in theory) * Detector simulation - practice We (HEP experimentalists) do not write detector simulation programs ourselves In CERN there is a dedicated group which does this for us. They develop GEANT code for simulation of interaction of radiation with matter. GEANT started in 1950’s, evolves since GEANT 3.* is used now, GEANT 4.* is next. * GEANT event * GEANT for detector simulation You can configure GEANT to describe any particle detector you would like Just modify some data cards which describe your detec