关系模型跟oracle对象关系数据库资料.pptVIP

第三章 关系模型及oracle对象关系数据库 关系的定义 关系（relation）:一个关系对应一张二维表 元组（tuple）：表中的一行即为一个元组 属性（attribute）：表中的一列为一个属性，给每个属性起一个名字即属性名（ID，NAME，PHONE，SALES-REP-ID） 主码（primary key）:表中的某个属性组，它可以唯一确定元组。each row of data in a table is uniquely identified by a primary key. It must contain a value 外码（foreign key）：you can logically relate information from multiple tables using foreign keys. 关系模型 关系模型由关系数据结构，关系操作和关系完整性约束三部分组成。 数据结构 ——关系（二维表），它由行和列组成。 关系操作——常见的关系操作包括：选择select，投影project，连接join，除divide，并union，交intersection，差difference等查询query操作和增加insert，删除delete，修改update操作两大部分。 完整性——关系的三类完整性约束 实体完整性 、参照完整性、用户定义的完整性 关系代数 The relational algebra(关系代数) is the basis of SQL. Basic Structure ——Cartesian product(笛卡儿积) Formally, given sets D1, D2, …. Dn a relation r is a subset of D1 x D2 x … x Dn , Thus a relation is a set of n-tuples (a1, a2, …, an) where each ai ? Di (1) Select Operation – Example Notation: ? p(r) p is called the selection predicate Defined as: ?p(r) = {t | t ? r and p(t)} Where p is a formula in propositional calculus consisting of terms connected by : ? (and), ? (or), ? (not)Each term is one of: attribute op attribute or constant where op is one of: =, ?, , ?. . ? Example of selection: ? branch-name=“Perryridge”(account) (2) Project Operation – Example Relation r: Notation: ?A1, A2, …, Ak (r) where A1, A2 are attribute names and r is a relation name. The result is defined as the relation of k columns obtained by erasing the columns that are not listed Duplicate rows removed from result, since relations are sets E.g. To eliminate the branch-name attribute of account ?account-number, balance (account)  (3) Union Operation – Example Relations r, s: Notation: r ? s Defined as: r ? s = {t | t ? r or t ? s} For r ? s to be valid： 1. r, s must have the same arity (等目,同元,same number of attributes) 2. The attribute domains must be compatible (e.g., 2nd column  of r deals with the same type of values as does the 2nd