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* (7) Much resistance that occured in Gram negative bacteria has been due to the presence of B- lactamases. Here I have the definition of B lactamases which are enzyme proteins, inactivite B-lactam antibiotics by the destroying the B-lactam rings. Extended-spectrum B-lactamases(ESBL) which are subsite of B-lactamases. They are again enzymes present in bacteria and an extended B-lactemases which are plasmid-mediated. They are extra-chromosomal DNA in the bacteria, they are capable to hydrolyze B-lactam rings, paticularly ceftazidime and aztreonam. This ESBL was firstly discovered in Germany in 1983. They involved from older common enzymes, such as the B-lactam TEM2 which was the common B-lactamas causing ampicillin resistance in Gram negative bacteria. They emerged by mutation at 1-4 amino acids. These ESBLs are seen most often in Klebsiella pneumoniae and E. coli. It is very important to show that they are on plasmids, often code for resistance to other antibiotics. * (7) Much resistance that occured in Gram negative bacteria has been due to the presence of B- lactamases. Here I have the definition of B lactamases which are enzyme proteins, inactivite B-lactam antibiotics by the destroying the B-lactam rings. Extended-spectrum B-lactamases(ESBL) which are subsite of B-lactamases. They are again enzymes present in bacteria and an extended B-lactemases which are plasmid-mediated. They are extra-chromosomal DNA in the bacteria, they are capable to hydrolyze B-lactam rings, paticularly ceftazidime and aztreonam. This ESBL was firstly discovered in Germany in 1983. They involved from older common enzymes, such as the B-lactam TEM2 which was the common B-lactamas causing ampicillin resistance in Gram negative bacteria. They emerged by mutation at 1-4 amino acids. These ESBLs are seen most often in Klebsiella pneumoniae and E. coli. It is very important to show that they are on plasmids, often code for resistance to other antibiotics. * * 我们介绍了早期经验性治疗的概念,以及我们在什么情况下警惕真菌感染,那
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