Unittwo英汉语言文化对比.ppt

Unit two 英汉语言文化对比 （译论专题） 合肥工业大学《英汉翻译技巧》 英汉语言对比 英语属于印欧语系(Indo-European Family )，是一种拼音文字，单词没有四声，但句子可以有不同的声调；而汉语属于汉藏语系(Sino-Tibetan Family )，是一种表意文字，音节有四声变化，语调也很丰富； 1.三个人品字式坐下，随便谈了几句。（茅盾：《子夜》） The three men sat down facing each other and began casually chatting. In Chinese “品字式” is a vividly figurative expression indicating the sitting position of the three men. But due to the morphological differences between Chinese and English, we have to abandon the unique image when we transfer it into English. 2.假使订婚戒指是落入圈套的象征，纽扣也是扣留不放的预兆。 (《围城》） If the engagement ring were a symbol of the trap one had fallen into, button sewing was likewise an omen of being tied down. In Chinese, “扣” is a homonym. If it is used as a noun, it means “a button”; if it is a verb, it refers to “chain, lock up, or bind up”. But due to the differences of two language systems, the humorous effect created by Ch’ien’s creative use of homonyms is lost. 英语是一种形合(hypotaxis)的语言，而汉语是一种意合(parataxis)的语言；形合的语言是指该语言主要通过词本身的形态变化来表达语法意义（格，数，时等）。所谓“意合”主要是靠句子内部逻辑联系。 She is doing her homework.她正在做作业。 She has done her homework.她已经做了作业。 She did her homework yesterday.她昨天做了作业。 著名汉语语言学家王力教授说过：“西洋语法是硬的，没有弹性；中国语法是软的，富有弹性。 所以中国语法以达意为主”，“英国人写文章往往化零为整，而中国人写文章往往化整为零。” 一 英汉句子结构差异 1.严谨与简洁 英语的句子结构十分严谨，无论多长的句子也只有一个主句，一个从句或若干从句，一环套一环。主句与从句之间，从句与从句之间必须有连词，关系代词或关系副词联结。汉语则十分简洁。句子没有主句与从句之分，句子之间也不需要连词。句子可以没有动词，也可以没有名词，更不需要介词，但意义十分明确。所以，有人指出：“The English are proud of the preciseness of their language, while we Chinese are proud of the conciseness of our mother tongue.” When a rat is seen running across the street, everyone calls “kill it”. As long as the green mountains are there, one should not worry about firewood. 英语表达复杂思想时，往往是开门见山，然后借助英语特有词汇关系代词进行空间搭架，把各个子句有机地结合起来，构成一串葡萄似的句子。主干可能很短，上面却果实累累。 过街老鼠，人人喊打。 留得青山在，不怕没柴烧 The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and the lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the information media. 这是一个典型的英语句子。看起来似乎很长，实际上是个简单句。只有一个主语，一个谓语。全