Intermolecular and Surface Forces - UW Courses Web Server：表面与分子间的力-威斯康星大学课程的Web服务器.docVIP

2.1 Intermolecular and Surface Forces ChemE 554/ove PAGE 1 Intermolecular and Surface Forces 2.1.1 Overview: Types of Surface Forces There are three aspects that are of particular importance for any interaction: (a) its strength, (b) the distance over which it acts, and (c) the environment through which it acts. Strengths and distances for the most common intermolecular bonds are as follows: Nature of Bond Type of Force Energy (kcal/mol) Distance Ionic bond Coulombic force 180 (NaCl) 240 (LiF) 2.8 ? 2.0 ? Covalent bond Electrostatic force (wave function overlap) 170 (Diamond) 283 (SiC) N/A Metallic bond free valency electron sea interaction (sometimes also partially covalent (e.g., Fe and W) 26 (Na) 96 (Fe) 210 (W) 4.3 ? 2.9 ? 3.1 ? Hydrogen Bond a strong type of directional dipole-dipole interaction 7 (HF) Van der Waals (i) dipole-dipole force (ii) dipole-induced dipole force (iii) dispersion forces (charge fluctuation) 2.4 (CH4) significant in the range of a few ? to hundreds of ? The integral form of interaction forces between surfaces of macroscopic bodies through a third medium (e.g., vacuum and vapor) are named surfaces forces. Table 1 provides an overview of the types of surface forces. One differentiates between short range (e.g., Van der Waals interaction) and long range surface forces (e.g., electromagnetic interactions). Combinations of interactions lead to new forces such as the DLVO forces. In vacuum, the main contributors to long-range surface interactions are the Van der Waals and electromagnetic interactions. At separation distance 2?nm one might have also to consider short range retardation due to covalent or metallic bonding forces. Van der Waals and electromagnetic interactions can be both, attractive or repulsive. In the case of a vapor environment as the thir