《经济学原理·曼昆·第三版》第25章.pptVIP

第二十五章  生产与增长 Chapter 25 Production and Growth 在本章中，你将 看到世界各国经济增长有多大不同 考虑为什么生产率是一国生活水平的关键决定因素 分析决定一国生产率的因素 考察一国的政策如何影响其生产率增长 在实现这些目的后，你应该能 列出人均GDP最高和人均GDP增长最快的国家 解释为什么在长期中生产制约消费 列出并解释生产要素 解释可以影响一国生产率和增长的8种政策行为 Prologue In the previous two chapters we discussed how economists measure macroeconomic quantities and prices. In this chapter we start studying the forces that determine these variables. As we have seen, an economy’s gross domestic product (GDP) measures both the total income earned in the economy and the total expenditure on the economy’s output of goods and services. The level of real GDP is a good gauge of economic prosperity, and the growth of real GDP is a good gauge of economic progress. Here we focus on the long-run determinants of the level and growth of real GDP. Later in this book we study the short-run fluctuations of real GDP around its long-run trend. Prologue We proceed here in three steps. First, we examine international data on real GDP per person. These data will give you some sense of how much the level and growth of living standards vary around the world. Second, we examine the role of productivity—the amount of goods and services produced for each hour of a worker’s time. In particular, we see that a nation’s standard of living is determined by the productivity of its workers, and we consider the factors that determine a nation’s productivity. Third, we consider the link between productivity and the economic policies that a nation pursues. 25.1 世界各国的经济增长 ECONOMIC GROWTH AROUND THE WORLD 资料：复利计算与70规则的魔力 一个被称为70规则的古老拇指规律有助于理解增长率和复利计算的影响。根据70规则，如果某个变量每年按x%增长，在将近70/x年以后该变量翻一番。 25.2 生产率：作用及决定因素 PRODUCTIVITY: ITS ROLE AND DETERMINANTS 在某种意义上说，解释世界各国生活水平差别巨大是非常容易的，正如我们将说明的，可以把这种解释归结为一个词——生产率。但是，在另一种意义上说，这种国际差异也令人深感困惑。为了解释为什么一些国家的收入比另一些国家高得多，我们必须考察许多决定一国生产率的因素。 25.2.1为什么生产率如此重要 WHY PRODUCTIVITY IS SO IMPORTANT 我们对生产率和经济增长的研究从《鲁滨逊漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe）建立的一个模型开始…… 25.2.1为什么生产率如此重要 WHY PRODUCTIVITY IS SO IMPORTANT 什么因素决定了克鲁索的生活水平? ——如果克鲁索