胡壮麟语言学考点重点总结小抄版.docVIP

1.语言的普遍特征：任意性arbitrariness双层结构duality 多产性productivity移位性displacement文化传播性cultural transmission 2.语言的功能：传达信息功能informative人济功能：interpersonal行事功能：Performative表情功能：Emotive寒暄功能：Phatic娱乐功能recreatinal元语言功能 metalingual3. 语言学linguistics：包括六个分支语音学Phonetics音位学 phonology形态学 Morphology句法学 syntax语义学 semantics语用学 pragmatics 4. Origin of language ①the divine-origine theory...②The bow-wow theory..In primitive times people imitated the sounds of the animal calls in the wild environment they lived and speech developed from that ③The pooh-pooh theory… In the hard life of our primitive ancestors, they utter instinctive sounds of pains, anger and joy which gradually developed into language.④The “yo-he-ho” theory….As primitive people worked together, they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language.5.What is linguistics：is generally a scientific study of language .It is a major branch of social science. 6. macrolinguistics宏观语言学①Psycholinguistics 心理语言学② Sociolinguistics 社会语言学 ③Anthropological linguistics 人类语言学④ Computational linguistics 计算语言学 7.Important distinctions in linguistics ①Descriptive vs. prescriptive描写式和规定式②Synchronic vs. diachronic共时和历时③Competence and performance语言能力和语言运用④Langue parole语言和言语 ①The informative function means language is the instrument of thought and people often use it to communicate new information. ②The interpersonal function means people can use language to establish and maintain their status in a society. ③The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons, as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony, and the cursing of enemies. ④The emotive function is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is so crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something. ⑤The phatic communion means people always use some small, seemingly meaningless express