供给需求与政府政策（英文版）.PPTVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * SUPPLY, DEMAND, AND GOVERNMENT POLICIES * S1 A Tax on Sellers P Q D1 $10.00 500 S2 450 $11.00 PB = $9.50 PS = Tax Effects of a $1.50 per unit tax on sellers New eq’m: Q = 450 Buyers pay PB = $11.00 Sellers receive PS = $9.50 Difference between them  = $1.50 = tax 买家支付给卖家的价格（含税价格） SUPPLY, DEMAND, AND GOVERNMENT POLICIES * S1 The Outcome Is the Same in Both Cases! What matters is this: A tax drives a wedge （税收楔子）between the price buyers pay and the price sellers receive. P Q D1 $10.00 500 450 $9.50 $11.00 PB = PS = Tax wedge The effects on P and Q, and the tax incidence are the same whether the tax is imposed on buyers or sellers! A Payroll Tax工薪税 Quantity of Labor 0 Wage Wage without tax Labor demand Labor supply Tax wedge Wage firms pay Wage workers receive Can Congress mandate a division of the tax burden, for example, half to half? A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 2 Effects of a tax Q P S 0 The market for hotel rooms D Suppose govt imposes a tax on buyers of $30 per room. Find new Q, PB, PS, and incidence of tax. A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 2 Answers Q P S 0 The market for hotel rooms D Q = 80 PB = $110 PS = $80 Incidence buyers: $10 sellers: $20 Tax PB = PS = SUPPLY, DEMAND, AND GOVERNMENT POLICIES * Elasticity and Tax Incidence弹性与税收归宿 CASE 1: Supply is more elastic than demand P Q D S Tax Buyers’ share of tax burden Sellers’ share of tax burden Price if no tax PB PS It’s easier for sellers than buyers to leave the market. So buyers bear most of the burden of the tax. SUPPLY, DEMAND, AND GOVERNMENT POLICIES * CASE 2: Demand is more elastic than supply P Q D S Tax Buyers’ share of tax burden Sellers’ share of tax burden Price if no tax PB PS It’s easier for buyers than sellers to leave the market. Sellers bear most of the burden of the tax. A tax burden falls more heavily on the side of the market that is less elastic. Elasticity and Tax Incidence弹性与税收归宿 SUPPLY