生化郑利民讲义生化引论.ppt

The Chemical Unity of Diverse Lives Living organisms vs. inanimate objects chemical complexity and organization use energy in a systemic way self-replication and self-assembly Biochemistry Explains: Diverse lives in unifying chemical terms All macromolecules are made of a few simple compounds All chemical process associated with organisms at the molecular level - isolate molecules and determine their structure - analyze their function Example: the study of DNA How life began and evolved Organisms: uniform at the molecular level indicate: they arose from a common ancestor Biochemistry and Medicine Diagnosis Biochemical changes: enzymes, sugar etc Immunological Methods Gene diagnosis: chips (Gene Protein chips) Therapy Chemotherapy (most medicine cure the diseases by selective modulate host biochemical metabolite) Gene therapy of cancer, AIDS, genetic disease Krebs: Citric Acid Cycle (TCA): an important way by which the complex chemical processes provide living organisms with high energy phosphate. 结果小结和分析（背景：以往认为蛋白质携带遗传信息） 有荚膜的活细菌（S）： 具致病性； 无荚膜的活细菌（R）： 无致病性 S 菌株加热灭活后： 无致病性 灭活后的 S 菌株 ＋ 活细菌R：具致病性！ 提示 S菌株中的遗传信息被导入活细菌R 该遗传信息对热不敏感，不是蛋白质 未知的物质携带了遗传信息！！ 吴宪：与美国哈佛医学院Folin一起首次用比色定量方法测定血糖。回国后与其他科学家在蛋白质变性理论，血液生化，免疫化学，内分泌学等多方面研究作出贡献。 上海生化所王应睐等于1965年人工合成具有生物活性的牛胰岛素； 1983年完成酵母Ala tRNA的人工全合成。 ★ Composed of lifeless molecules ★ These molecules conform to physical and chemical laws when examined individually ★ Living organisms maintain highly ordered states by consuming inanimate materials from environment Molecules contained in organisms Water (50 -95%) Ions (1%) Organic molecules (Rest) Living matter is composed mostly of the six lighter elements: C, H, O, N, P, S H, O, N, and C: the lightest elements (lightest elements form the strongest bonds) ★ Most biomolecules can be considered to be derived from hydrocarbons ★ hydrophilic interactions between biomolecules Four families: Amino acids；Sugar； Fatty acids；Nucl