从生命的本质看人造生命.pptVIP

5。所谓的人造生命现象 创造出由化学合成基因所控制的生物细胞 Creation of a Bacterial Cell Controlled by a Chemically Synthesized Genome Daniel G. Gibson,1 John I. Glass,1 Carole Lartigue,1 Vladimir N. Noskov,1 Ray-Yuan Chuang,1 Mikkel A. Algire,1 Gwynedd A. Benders,2 Michael G. Montague,1 Li Ma,1 Monzia M. Moodie,1 Chuck Merryman,1 Sanjay Vashee,1 Radha Krishnakumar,1 Nacyra Assad-Garcia,1 Cynthia Andrews-Pfannkoch,1 Evgeniya A. Denisova,1 Lei Young,1 Zhi-Qing Qi,1 Thomas H. Segall-Shapiro,1 Christopher H. Calvey,1 Prashanth P. Parmar,1 Clyde A. Hutchison III,2 Hamilton O. Smith,2 J. Craig Venter1,2*（克雷格 文特尔） 1The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA. 2The J. Craig Venter Institute, 10355 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA. *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jcventer@jcvi.org 摘要 We report the design, synthesis and assembly of the 1.08- Mbp Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1.0 genome starting from digitized genome sequence information and its transplantation into a Mycoplasma capricolum recipient cell to create new Mycoplasma mycoides cells that are controlled only by the synthetic chromosome. The only DNA in the cells is the designed synthetic DNA sequence, including “watermark” sequences and other designed gene deletions and polymorphisms, and mutations acquired during the building process. The new cells have expected phenotypic properties and are capable of continuous self-replication. Results Synthetic genome design Synthetic genome assembly strategy Synthetic genome transplantation Semi-synthetic genome assembly and transplantation Characterization of the synthetic transplants 从生命的本质看人造生命 周集体 观察事物的基本方法 1。分析同类事物的差异性，寻找个性。 2。分析不同事物的相似性，寻找共性。 讨论人造生命问题须考虑的几个问题： 1。物质的运动规律 2。生命现象的化学本质 3。自然生命现象 4。人类对自然生命现象的人工干预 5。所谓的人造生命现象 6。争论中的结论 1。物质的运动规律 所有的物质（无生命体和有生命体）均为化学元素组成。 这些化学元素依靠其各种不同的相互作用力而形成一个力的作用体系，该体系是动态的，是相对稳定性的。 改变这个体系的元素组成或施加某种作用破坏原有的作用体系都可以促使该体系变化，从而导致物质的变化（或称为运动）。 宇宙间的所有物质都逃避不开这个作用力场，都不可能失去其他元素而独立存在，所以物质的运动就变成永恒的，而静