北大生化课件Chapter14.pptVIP

Present only in those alcohol fermentative Organisms Present in many organisms including human Pyruvate be decarboxylated and reduced to form ethanol in some microorganisms Ethanol Fermentation: 丙酮酸脱羧酶 乙醇脱氢酶 Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) is involved in the cleavage of C-C bonds adjacent to a carbonyl group. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) is used to synthesize TPP. A lack of Vitamin B1 in humans will result in a condition known as Beriberi Many carbohydrates meet their catabolic fate in glycolysis Polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen are first degraded into glucoses via hydrolysis in extracellular spaces (catalyzed by a-amylases and other enzymes), but into glucose 1-phosphate via phosphorolysis inside cells (catalyzed by phosphorylases). Oligosaccharides (e.g., sucrose, lactose, trehalose etc) are degraded into monosaccharides before further transformed. Hexoses other than glucose can also be catabolized via the glycolytic pathway after being converted to a phosphorylated derivative. 北大生化课件Chapter14 The chemistry of glucose catabolism was elucidated over about 100 years The anaerobic breakdown (fermentation) of glucose to ethanol and CO2 by yeast has been exploited for many centuries in baking and winemaking. Scientific investigation of the chemistry of glucose breakdown began in the mid-19th century. The complete pathway was described around 1940. D-glucose occupies a central position in metabolism NADPH + (fat) Other biomolecules The metabolic fates of glucose involves hundreds or thousands of chemical transformations. CO2 + H2O D-glucose ?Go = –2840 kJ/mole ATP Biosynthesis Understanding sugar catabolism occupied a central position in the development of biochemistry Where cell-free fermentation with yeast extract was first observed by Buchner (1897): the vitalistic dogma was shaken and metabolim became chemistry. Where phosphorylated intermediates were first discovered (Harden and Young, 1900s). Heat-labile, nondialyzable enzymes were distinguished fr