病人的无意识心智.pptVIP

　　文章要分段，將材料依順序排列，使內容有組織，讀起來才為條理清楚。 　　由很多段落組成一篇完整的文章，惡些段落，就叫做「文章的結構」，依照古人的說法，一篇文章的結構應該要有下列四段，每一段都有不同的功用。 起：文章的開頭。 承：開頭之後，敘述所要寫的材料。 轉：材料的擴充、轉向、舉例····等，是分量較多的地方。 合：文章的結束。 文章的結構 文章要分成許多段，一段接一段，把要說的話說完，才會成為一篇好的作文。 三年級的作文，通常分成三段或四段即可。以下分開說明： （一）分成三段來寫文章，把內容分成「先說」、「再說」、「後說」三部份，如果要寫的內容比較多，可以把「再說」分成幾個小節來寫。例如：第六課的課文分成三段，其中的第二段分成三個小節來寫。 ? （二）分成四段來寫的文章，把內容分成「先說」、「再說」、「進一步說」、「後說」四部份。例如：第二課和第四課的課文，都是分成四段來寫的文章。 文章有好的分段，讀起來清楚明白，就會是一篇好文章。 說說看：第一課「桃花開了」的課文，如果分成三段，你要怎麼分？如果分成四段，你要怎麼分？ 如何作文 Figure 8. Stimulus material used in the age estimation study (‘Is this man 25 or 35 years old?’). Note that the quality of the picture is deliberately low to hide details (texture of skin etc.). Figure 9. Stimulus material used in the age estimation study (‘Is this woman more than 25 years old?’) Note that the quality of the picture is deliberately low to hide details (texture of skin etc.). 病人的无意识心智 General Introduction The Metacognition Approach to the Distinction Between Explicit and Implicit Cognition and Knowledge Explicit (Conscious) Cognition and Knowledge Conscious Non-Human Organisms? When Does Human Become Conscious? Language, Consciousness, and Schizophrenia Implicit (Unconscious) Cognition and Knowledge Dissociation between Conscious and Unconscious Cognition and Knowledge Evidence for Unconscious Cognition and Knowledge Experimental Paradigms for Implicit Knowledge Figure 1. Formulation of empirical research conducted by psychologists, as indicated by Arrows 1, 2, and 3 (see Nelson, 1996). External stimulus Criterion response (Objective assessment) Person “I think…” (Introspection, Self-reports) 1 2 3 General Introduction Comte’s Critiques: Introspection: unreliable Comte’s paradox Liar paradox Hegel’s paradox Authority paradox Truth-value paradox “Thiss sentence contains threee errors.” Tarski’s theory of truth (1956) Figure 2. Illustration of the hierarchical organization of meta-level and object-level, and the h