皮肤性病学总论压缩版.pptVIP

Topical Drugs Basic Points: Two main factors: drug and vehicle (base) Vehicle assistant in both drug delivery and therapeutic properties Adequate concentration Adequate formulation Extra-pharmacotherapy 按药物剂型分为 皮肤外用药分类 油剂 乳剂 软膏 糊剂 硬膏 涂膜剂 喷剂 凝胶 溶液 酊剂 粉剂 振荡剂 溶液 Solutions Solution involves the dissolution of two or more substances into homogenous clarity. The vehicle (base) may be aqueous, hydroalcoholic, or nonaqueous (alcohol, oils, or propylene glycol) .(3% Boracic acid) 酊剂 Tinctures Tincture is a hydroalcoholic solution with a concentration of alcohol of approximately 50%. (iodine) vs 醑剂 Spiritus 粉剂 Powders Powders absorb moisture and decrease friction. Because they adhere poorly to the skin, their use is limited to cosmetic and hygienic purposes. talcum powder, starch 振荡剂 （洗剂） Lotions Lotions (Suspensions) is a two-phase system consisting of a finely divided, insoluble drug dispersed into a liquid in a concentration of up to 20%. mint calamine lotion 乳剂 Emulsions Emulsions are two–phase systems involving one or more immiscible liquids dispersed in another with the assistance of emulsifying agent. Water-in-oil emulsions contain less than 25% water, with oil being the dispersion medium. Oil-in-water emulsions (Creams，霜剂) contain greater than 31% water. In fact, the aqueous phase may comprise up to 80% of the formulation. zinc oxide 软膏 Ointments Ointments are semisolid preparations that spread easily. They can be protective, hydrating and lubricating. The bases are hydrocarbon bases and absorption bases. 糊剂 Pastes Pastes are simply the incorporation of high concentrations of powders (up to 50%) into an ointment such as a hydrocarbon base or a water-in-oil emulsion. The powder must be insoluble in the ointment. zinc oxide 凝胶 Gels Gels are semi-solid preparations containing high-molecular-weight polymers, such as carboxypolymethylene or methylcellulose, and can be regarded as thi