《形合与意合》公开课件（设计）.pptVIP

形合与意合 English vs. Chinese: Ten Pairs of Features Synthetic vs. Analytic Rigid vs. Supple Hypotactic vs. Paratactic Complex vs. Simplex Impersonal vs. Personal Passive vs. Active Static vs. Dynamic Abstract vs. Concrete Indirect vs. Direct Substitutive vs. Repetitive 定义 “形合（parataxis）”和“意合(hypotaxis)”是已故语言学家王力先生所译。 “形合与意合是语言组织法，是从意义到具体语言形式的两个既有各自特点又不相互排斥的途径，是汉英对比研究和翻译理论研究的重要课题之一（邵志洪，2005：11）” 形合指句子内部的连接或句子间的连接采用句法手段（syntactic devices）或词汇手段（lexical devices）。 意合指“句子内部的连接或句子间的连接采用语义手段（semantic connection）”（方梦之，2004） 形合是组词造句的外在逻辑形式；意合是遣词造句的内在认知事理。汉语以意驭形而英语则以形制意。 汉语并非绝对意合，英语等西语也绝非纯粹形合；意合与形合均见于两种语言，只不过汉语以意合见长。 形合与意合在英汉语中的表现 英语重形合，意思是指英语语言符号之间有较强的逻辑关系，语言信息的表达依靠符号按一定的语法逻辑关系排列组合，通过各种有形的联结手段来传达一定的意义。 英语词汇中就有通过词的形式的变化，如派生词、名词的复数形式、动词的各种时态形式和人称代词的格的形式，来表示意义的变化。 在句子结构上，句子的各个成分要由各种连接词（and, but, or, because, so, however, as, if, since, while, unless, therefore, either…or…,etc.）、介词（of, with, in, for, about, between, at, on, etc.）、关系词（who, when, where, which, that, how, etc.）和状语功能的分词结构 （-ed及-ing）等连接起来，句子组织严密，层次紧密扣接，呈现空间性树型结构。 ① What is equally questionable is whether a college degree, as such, is proper evidence that those new skills that are truly needed will be delivered. ②. It seems as if a great deal were attainable in a world where there are so many marriages and decisive battles, and where we all, at certain hours of the day, and with great gusto and dispatch, stow a portion of victuals finally and irretrievably into the bag which contains us. ③It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the