4._Cation_exchange_阳离子交换概述.pptVIP

4. Cation exchange 阳离子交换 Processes and models Contents lectures Cation exchange capacity (CEC) and base saturation (BS) Concept and source of cation exchange in soils Cation exchange on clays with permanent charge Diffuse double layer model Cation exchange on variable charge minerals and organic matter Source of base cations Weathering（风化） : consumes H+ and releases Base Cations Al Example: Other sources: fertilizer, atmospheric depostion and decomposition of organic matter K-feldspar 钾长石 Primary mineral Kaolinite 高岭石 Secondary mineral Cation Exchange Central theme in soil chemistry Involves electrostatic binding of cations to negatively charged surfaces (clays, oxides, organic matter) More cations in cation exchange pool than dissolved in water Cation Exchange Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) = specific surface area (m2/g) * charge density (mmolc/m2) All cations participate, but binding strenth depends on their selectivity (Ksel) Highest selectivity for multivalent cations with smallest size (when hydrated) Exchangeable cations are in equilibrium with cations in solution. So, exchangeable cations reflect the chemical composition of soil water. Cation Exchange Capacity (mmolc/kg) Difficult to measure Different extractants（提取剂）are used 1 M NH4Ac (pH 7) 1 M NH4NO3 (soil pH) 0.1 M BaCl2 (soil pH) Measurements difficult in soils with easily soluble minerals (e.g. Salts and CaCO3) Results depend on pH (due to variable charge) Exchanging cation (charge and size) I (due to variable charge; dispersion at low I) So, CEC is operationally defined parameter Base saturation Base cations Na + K + Ca + Mg (in mmolc/kg) BS = Sum (base cations) / CEC * 100% The other exchangeable cations are mostly made up of H+ and Al3+ (so called exchangeable acidity) Base saturation increases with soil pH only a few % at pH 4 and close to 100% at pH 6 Permanent charge Variable charge Oxides and organic matter Clay minerals Extraction at higher pH results in more deprotonation (protol