碳、土壤和气候变化-.pptxVIP

Carbon, Soils Climate Change Carbon, soils and climate changeGlobal carbon cycle (units 1015 g yr-1 = Pg yr-1)IPCC, 2007Terrestrial ecosystems and oceans are important sinks for CO2Carbon, soils and climate changeClimate, Carbon and SoilsClimate forcing through atmospheric CO2, CH4 N2OIncreasing atmospheric concentrations of CO2 : fossil fuel burning, cement production land-use change (primarily deforestation)Terrestrial ecosystems: soils are largest C storeSoils: 2 times as much C as vegetation atmosphereCarbon, soils and climate changeChanges in global atmospheric CO2Annual CO2 change if all CO2 from fossil fuel stays in the atmosphereFraction CO2 from fossil fuel remaining in the atmosphereIPCC, 2007Carbon, soils and climate changeCO2 sources and sinksCarbon, soils and climate changeNorth-South gradient atmospheric CO2:Indicates importance ”fossil fuel” CO2 emissionsAt highest CO2 emission (mostly from Northern hemisphere): gradient atmospheric CO2 between northern and southern hemisphere is greatest. This reinforces importance of human-derived emissions as major factor in increased atmospheric CO2.Carbon, soils and climate changeC sequestration:The role of soil vegetationAbove groundCarbon balance terrestrial ecosystems: a simple response function ofCarbon assimilation by photosynthesisCarbon loss by respiration 呼吸作用Soil organic carbonBelow ground (soil)(modified)Carbon, soils and climate changePhotosynthesis heterotrophic decomposition:Effect of CO2 and temperature : Photosynthesis stimulated byCO2Temperature (at least in temporate and boreal areas)Effect decreases at high CO2 and T (”Saturation curves”)Decomposition stimulated byTemperature (exponentially)Not by CO2At moderate T: Negative feedback of T increase (CO2 sink)At high T: Positive feedback of T increase (CO2 source) 反馈 (as in El Nino year)Carbon, soils and climate changeEl Nino and growth in global background CO2Highest CO2 in El Nino years (red); Exception: 1992-1993 (Pinatubo eruption)Heimann