第一单元脂肪烃 (4).PPTVIP

* * * Alkenes and Addition reactions 蒋晓乾 （烯烃及其加成反应） Introduction Physical properties Alkenes Reactivity Structure (abbreviation) addition reaction are unsaturated hydrocarbons of organic compouds which contain at least one C=C bonds. Definition Alkenes General formular CnH2n Ethene Structure Displayed Space – filling model Ball – stick model Ethene formula Shorthand Skeletal σ bonding and π bonding obitals of ethylene Hybridization π bond ( p orbitals are parallel） Broken π bond after rotation Rotation is forbidden ！ A B C The different spacial arrangement of atoms or atomic groups. 2-Butene isomerism 2-butene 2-butene ……… ……… Naming (same side) (opposite side) Cis- Trans - Cis - trans Ending Groups Must Differ in Pairs Reactivity of C=C electron-rich electrophiles Can you explain ？ Example 1: Br Br : d+ d— alkene polarizes bromine Step-By-Step Mechanism Intermediate reactant product ? Or ? Example 2: Example 3: Two products are possible Experimentally, only 2-chloropropane is formed 2-bromopropane 1-bromopropane Markovnikov’s Rule Markovnikov’s Rule: alkenes carbon with the most H atoms gets the H trace major what should we do ？ Or ? Example 4: Carbocation Stability Inductive effect Intermediate trace major Mechanism A B Summary Ma”s rule is a special case Of carboncation stability Thank you！ Practice questions 1 2 3 Can you recognize the following carbocations ? with 1o、2o 、3o 1 o 3 o 2 o 3 o 2 o 2 o Determine the major product B A C A2 B2 C2 when ethene is bubbled into bromine solution of sodium chloride ，In fact three products of addition reactions can be formed . Can you explain the odd ? Explain Explain Ma’s Rule * * *