视觉色彩组成要素.pptVIP

* * * * 奥斯特瓦尔德（Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald,1853-1932年） 德国物理化学家奥斯特瓦尔德，1853年9月2日生于俄国拉脱维亚的里加。父亲开木桶作坊。他从小就对化学有特殊的兴趣，自己制作烟火和爆竹等。1875年毕业于多尔帕特大学，1878年获博士学位。1882年任里加工学院的化学教授。1887-1906年任莱比锡大学教授。1898年任电化学研究所所长。1906年辞职，隐居山村，主要从事写作。1932年4月4日在莱比锡逝世。 奥斯特瓦尔德大力支持阿累尼乌斯的电解质电离理论，并提出自己的稀释定律；用电离平衡理论解释了酸碱指示剂的变色机理；改进了物理化学方法和仪器；研究了酸的电导率，溶液的粘滞性，纯水的电离等；从多方面研究了催化过程，提出关于催化剂的现代观点；完成了使氨发生氧化，生成氧化氮的研究工作；创立了新的颜色理论。由于在催化研究、化学平衡和化学反应速度方面的卓越贡献，他获得了1909年诺贝尔化学奖金。一生共著书77种，300多篇论文。主要著作有：《普通化学教科书》、《电化学》、《自然哲学年鉴》、《颜色学》、《生活的道路》等，还与范霍夫一起创办了《物理化学杂志》。 奥斯特瓦尔德对哲学有浓厚的兴趣。对自然科学进行哲学概括，提出能是唯一实体，物质不过是能的表观 形式的唯能论。这个观点使他否认原子和分子的客观性，因而遭到许多著名化学家的激烈批评。1908年， 他终于承认了原子和分子的现实存在。 Wilhelm Ostwald was born on September 2, 1853, in Riga, Latvia, as the son of master-cooper Gottfried Wilhelm Ostwald and Elisabith Leuckel.He was educated at the Real gymnasium there and in 1872 was admitted to Dorpat University to read chemistry. After taking his final examinations three years later, he obtained the post of assistant at the Physics Institute under Professor Arthur von Oettingen, and subsequently took a similar position in the Chemistry Laboratory under Carl Schmidt. Ostwald himself declared that he was most indebted to these two teachers for his scientific training. In 1877 he was admitted as unpaid academic lecturer at Dorpat University, and this was followed (1881) by the appointment of full time Professor of Chemistry at the Polytechnicum in Riga. Six years later he accepted an invitation as Professor of Physical Chemistry at Leipzig University. Among his later famous pupils are Arrhenius (Nobel Prize 1903), Van t Hoff (Nobel Prize 1901), Nernst (Nobel Prize 1920), Tammann and Wislicenus. Ostwald remained in Leipzig until he retired in 1906, with the short interruption for one term as first Exchange Professor at Harvard University, Cambridge (Mass.) in 1904-1905. Ostwald started his experimental work in 1875, with an investigation on the law of mass action of water in relation to the problems of chemical affinity, with special em