群落生态学的群落演替变化.pptVIP

问题： How would you describe the diagram produced, is it more like a forest, a grassland or a shrubland? What happens during a fire? A landslide? Grazing? What about during no disturbance periods? Which species tend to increase in abundance during times of no disturbance? What traits do they have in common? ? How do early and late successional species differ from each other? Which life-history traits might allow a species to respond well to a fire event. Which traits might make a species a better competitor? ? What would happen if we stacked the deck to reduce the number of Disturbance Cards? Try it, was your prediction correct? ? Will the winner always be the same? Why or why not? ? How might changes in the plant community affect other properties of the ecosystem? ? How does this imaginary system compare to real ecosystems in the number of species? ? How would you change the deck to ensure that your species wins? Try it, did it work? 问题： How do early and late successional species differ from each other? Which life-history traits might allow a species to respond well to a fire event. Which traits might make a species a better competitor? What would happen if we stacked the deck to reduce the number of Disturbance Cards? Try it, was your prediction correct? 群落生态学10 群落的演替 林学院 侯继华 2011－10 群落的演替 1 概念 2 群落演替的一般过程 3 群落演替的基本类型 4 演替顶极学说 5 群落演替的机制（略） 四 演替顶极学说 演替顶极和顶极群落 演替过程中，当群落达到与周围环境取得平衡时(物种组合稳定)，群落演替渐渐变得缓慢，最后的演替系列阶段称演替顶极；演替最后阶段的群落称顶极群落。 单元顶级学说 多元顶级学说 顶级格局学说 单元演替顶极学说 单元演替顶极学说（mono-climax theory） 美 Cowles 和 Clements（1916） 认为一个气候区中，植物群落演替朝向一个共同的终点，其终点取决于该地区的气候性质，主要表现在顶级群落的优势种能够很好地适应于该地区的气候条件，这样的群落称为气候顶极群落。 即一个气候相当一致的区域，最终将有一种连续的和整齐一致的植被普遍的覆盖着。 对于各种特殊情况的解释 亚顶极：到达气候顶极前的一个相当稳定的阶段。 偏途顶极：由于强烈而频繁的干扰而引起的相对稳定的群落。 前顶极：由于局部气候条件比较适宜而产生的较优越气候区的顶极。 后顶极：特定气候区域内，因局部气候条件较差而产生的稳定群落。 单元演替顶极学说 多元演替顶极（Poly-climax theory）学说 英国学者坦斯利（1954）提出 如果一个群落在某种生境中基本稳定，能自行繁殖并结束它的演替过程，就可看作是顶极群落，而不必汇集于一个共同的气候顶极终点。 因此除气候顶极之外，也有土壤顶极， 地形顶极，火烧顶极等。 多元演替顶极学说 二种学说的异