语言学导论-第3章Morphology.pptVIP

Word Structure: Morphology;Morphology 形态学;Are words the smallest units?;These smaller parts occur consistently with many words: -s: dogs, cats, … —the plural consistently -ing: walking, running, … —a noun from a verb -en: blacken, darken, … —a verb meaning ‘become ADJ’ from an adjective ADJ -er: player, eater,… —an agentive nominal from a verb, a person or thing who does that activity;Basic Units;Connection: Sound Meaning;In phonology allophones: the same phoneme, in particular contexts. In morphology allomorphs: the same morpheme, in particular contexts (what it is attached to) ;Example: English plural Also moose: ox: ;Morpheme: ‘minimal unit of sound and meaning’ A further division: whether they can occur on their own or not: No: -s in dog-s; -ed in kick-ed; cran- in cran-berry Yes: dog, kick, berry;In a complex word (two or more morphemes): teacher teach -er root affix Root (stem, base): the basic or core morpheme. 词干 词基 Affix: the things added to the root. ; Root (stem, base) 词根: free E.g. teacher, dresses, unkind, …… bound E.g. inept, unkempt, repeat, receive, contain, ……;Free Morpheme 自由词素;Definition: must be attached to another morpheme Boy ? Boys Boy ? Boy’s Beauty ? Beautiful Expensive ? Inexpensive New word???;Bound Morpheme 黏着词素;;How are these forms related - Inflection or Derivation?;How are these forms related - Inflection or Derivation?;Classification of Morphemes; What’s the difference between “able” and “-able”? able (adj. in “I’m able to do it”) -able (e.g., “enjoyable”) able ? lexical (free) morpheme -able ? derivational morpheme ;Word formation;2. Compounding 合成法;3.Reduplication 重叠词;4. Blending 拼缀法; newscast ? news + broadcast telex ? teleprinter + exchange