生物信息学数据库.pptxVIP

数据库系统基础数据库的基本概念数据管理系统的发展数据库技术的发展数据库系统的组成数据库应用系统体系结构数据(Data) 数据的定义 描述客观事物(对象)的符号记录数据的种类 文字、图形、图像、声音 数据的特点 数据与其语义是不可分的DataThe term data means groups of information that represent the qualitative or quantitative attributes of a variable or set of variables. Data (plural of datum, which is seldom used) are typically the results of measurements and can be the basis of graphs, images, or observations of a set of variables. Data are often viewed as the lowest level of abstraction from which information and knowledge are derived.数据概念的变化特点质的规定：由简单到集成；由私有到共享。量的刻化：由小量到大量到海量。所处位置：在软件中的从属地位到主导地位。信息(Information) 是以数据为载体的对客观世界实际存在的事物、事件和概念的抽象反应。信息=数据+数据处理 Data processingComputer data processing is any process that uses a computer program to enter data and summarise, analyse or otherwise convert data into usable information. The process may be automated and run on a computer. It involves recording, analysing, sorting, summarising, calculating, disseminating and storing data. Because data are most useful when well-presented and actually informative, data-processing systems are often referred to as information systems. Data analysisWhen the domain from which the data are harvested is a science or an engineering, data processing and information systems are considered too broad of terms and the more specialized term data analysis is typically used, focusing on the highly-specialized and highly-accurate algorithmic derivations and statistical calculations that are less often observed in the typical general business environment. Data analysis packages like DAP, gretl or PSPP are often used. Elements of data processingIn order to be processed by a computer, data needs first be converted into a machine readable format. Once data is in digital format, various procedures can be applied on the data to get useful information. Data processing may involve various processes, including:Data acquisition（数据采集）Data entry（数据录入）Data cleaning（数据清理）Data validation（数据验证）Data tabulation（数据制表）Statistical an