双语课程讲义.doc

Text Book of Molecular Biology Department of molecular biology and biochemistry Contents Chapter One Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Chapter Two The Nucleotide Metabolism Chapter Three DNA Biosynthesis and DNA Damage Repair Chapter Four RNA Biosynthesis and Posttranscriptional Processing Chapter Five Protein Synthesis, Folding and Processing Chapter Six Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes Chapter Seven Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes Chapter Eight Recombinant DNA Technology Chapter Nine Signal Transducer and Cellular Signal Transduction Chapter one Nucleotides and nucleic acids Section one The generality of nucleic acids Ⅰ.The building blocks of nucleic acids are nucleotides Ⅱ. The nucleotides is composed of base, pentose and phosphate Bases There are four bases adenine (A),Guanine (G),cytosine(C) and thymine (T) in DNA There are also four bases A, G, C and U (uracil )in RNA. A and G are pruines ,C,T,and U are pyrimidines. P118 fig Pentoses In RNA the pentose is ribose whereas in DNA it is 2-deoxyribose (b-d-2 P118 fig Nucleosides A nucleoside consist of a base covalently bonded by the glycosidic bond to the 1-position of a ribose or 2-deoxyribose. There are ribonucleosides and deoxynucleosides. P119 fig Nucleotides A nucleotide is a nucleoside with one or more phosphate groups bound covalently to the 3-，5- or (in ribonucleoside only，the 2-position,)by phosphoester bond. There are ribonucleotides and deoxynucleotides. In the case of the 5-position, up to three phosphates may be attached ,to form ,for example adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) or deoxyadenosine 5-monophoshate (dAMP) etc. P120 fig 6-1 Cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP are formed from ATP and GTP respectively . they act as intracellular second messengers. P120 fig 6-1 Ⅲ. Nucleic acids Deoxynucleotides or ribonucleotides respectively are joined into a polymer by the covalent linkage of a phosphate group between the 5-hydroxyl of one deoxyribose (or ribose) a