工程系热力学3.pptVIP

Some reminders from 2222 Problem solving methodology Developing an effective problem solving methodology is essential: Think explicitly about exactly what is the system being studied, drawing sketches is almost essential in this process. The hardest part of thermodynamics is usually converting a real world situation into a problem that can be analysed - avoid the temptation to start analysing before you know what it is you want to analyse. Where manipulation of formulas is required, dont substitute numerical values until all manipulation is complete. Try to develop a habit of self verifying analysis (in the real world there are no solutions in the back of the book). Good techniques include: Carrying all units through a calculation when substituting numerical values in order to check the final result has the right unit dimensions and order of magnitude. Using simplified analysis to check the order of magnitude of the final result. Checking that derived formula have the right behavior in limiting situations. Reversing analysis or taking it around a ‘full circle’ to check for self consistency. Checking that results are consistent with common sense expectations where appropriate. Ideal Gases ????? Low density gases behave as “ideal gases”, to a good approximation the molecules can be modeled as if they don’t interact The equation of state is ( is the universal gas constant = 8.3144 kJ kmol-1K-1 ) multiplying both sides by the number of moles gives; dividing by the mass: ? Heat Transfer Conduction Convection Correlations for Radiation: Emit Absorb Reflection means all surfaces must be considered Radiation energy balance of a surface Introduction to Fluids Fluids are gases or liquids, ie a liquid is: “A state of matter in which the molecules are relatively free to change their positions with respect to each other but restricted by cohesive forces so as to maintain relatively fixed volume.” And a gas is: “A state of matter in w