工程系热力学5.pptVIP

The Key equations Control Vol analysis of wind turbines A loss free wind turbine “free wheeling”: No change in velocity No energy extracted Stopping flow completely – no energy extracted Finding the optimum Analysis gives the Betz limit: Analysis gives the Betz limit: Moment of momentum equation The cross product of r with momentum equation results in a moment of momentum equation. Ie For a control volume this becomes:. this is useful for analysis of turbo-machinery Differential forms of laws(don’t worry about this bit – just to give exposure) A differential approach offer specific information about points in a flow field. It is also the basis of finite element solution software which is an increasingly common tool of engineering design. The differential forms are derived by applying the original definitions to infinitesimal volume elements. Continuity equation in Cartesian coordinates is: For an arbitrary point in space identify normal and two tangential components for each Cartesian plane these are the components, tij, in a 3 x 3 stress tensor ? The stress vector as seen by a real surface passing through that point would equal the product of the unit normal vector for the surface and the stress tensor (matrix). Some reasonable assumptions about the relationship between tij and the pressure and viscosity gives the Navier Stokes equations: In the absence of viscosity this becomes Eulers equation: which when integrated along a streamline for steady flow constant density, is a derivation of the Bernouli equation. Internal Flows Interested in viscous effects in pipes / channels Particular emphasis on pipe flow Attempt to specify flow field exactly Entrance regions Near entrance boundary layer grows to fill pipe, flow field changes with distance along pipe Developed flow has a non changing velocity profile The point at which turbulence begins depends on Re and effects the pressure variation in the entrance region. Laminar pipe flow