椎旁阻滞临床应用PPT演示课件.ppt

Fig. 1. Thoracic paravertebral space at thoracic level T5. The thoracic paravertebral space is highlighted in turquoise in both the transversal plane (left side of body) and the sagittal plane (right side of body). es = erector spinae muscle; r = rib; SCTL = superior costotransverse ligament; SP = spinous process; TP = transverse process; trap = trapezius muscle. * Anteriorly, the TPV space is confined either by the parietal pleura (T2 to T10/T11) or the diaphragm (T10/T11 to T12). Fig. 4. Cranial and caudal boundaries of the thoracic paravertebral (TPV) space. (A) Sagittal cross-section at thoracic levels T2 and T3, 2 cm lateral of the midline. The TPV space is highlighted in turquoise. A = anterior; I = inferior; P = posterior; S = superior. (B) Transversal cross-section at thoracic level T12. The dashed line indicates the location of C. A = anterior; L = lateral; M = medial; P = posterior. (C) Frontal cross-section. The TPV space is highlighted in turquoise. I = inferior; L = left; R = right; S = superior. in = intercostal nerve; pp = parietal pleura; r = rib; SA = subclavian artery; SCTL = superior costotransverse ligament (dotted outline); SG = stellate ganglion; TP = transverse process; vp = visceral pleura. * Fig. 7. Transversal cross-sectional image at thoracic level T8 at the level of the transverse process. (A) Ultrasound image, (B) illustration, and (C) cryosection. eim = external intercostal muscle; es = erector spinae muscle; iimb = internal intercostal membrane (green); lc = levator costarum muscle; p = pleura; SP = spinous process; TP = transverse process; TPV space = thoracic paravertebral space (dotted outline); trap = trapezius muscle. This figure was reproduced, with adaptations, with permission from Bigeleisen P, Gofeld M, Orebaugh SE. Ultrasound Guided Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, 2nd edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2015. Adaptations are themselves works protected by copyright. So in order to publish this adaptation, authorization must be ob