大学英语议论文.pptVIP

Argumentation (I) Development by Contrast Teaching procedure ? An introduction to argumentation 1. Definition of argumentation 2. Six requirements for argumentation ? Development by contrast 1. Definition 2. Example Definition of argumentation ? The purpose of argumentation is to convince : trying to make the reader argue with its point of view and support it, to persuade him to change his mind or behavior, and to approve a policy or a course of action that it proposes. Argumentation and exposition They are very closely related — argumentation is actually exposition with additional purpose of convincing or persuading. Six requirements for argumentation ? 1). A debatable point ? It is imperative that the paper should have a debatable point, that is, something which can be viewed more than one angle and is therefore open to dispute. ? Compare the following statements : ? (1). Mere statements of facts ? a. Chinese doctors use acupuncture anesthesia to perform certain operations. b. Acupuncture anesthesia should replace conventional anesthesia in all operations. ? Analysis : a is a fact that cannot be debated. If a is changed into b, it becomes debatable. ? (2). Statements of personal preference a. Ba Jin is my favorite. b. Ba Jin is the greatest Chinese writer of the 20th century. ? Analysis : a expresses personal preference which does not lead to dispute. But b is disputable and sufficient evidence should be provided. ? (3). Viewpoints that are generally accepted or can be easily verified ? a. Noise pollution is harmful to peoples health. ? b. Noise pollution is the most harmful of all environmental pollution. ? Analysis : a is universally known and can be proved, but b is not generally accepted , and so it is arguable. ? 2). Sufficient evidence Since the point of your paper is not a fact, a statement of personal taste, or a viewpoint universally accepted, you will have to provide sufficient evidence to convince the reader. Sufficie