认知心理学第7章.ppt

Concept & Categorization Lecturer: Siyun Liu Knowledge Representations The importance Different representations guide different cognitive processing and behaviour Thunderstorm Hurricane Medical diagnosis Feeling achy, lethargic, congested, & feverish How to make our knowledge representations in order? ? Concepts & Category Category ? classes of similar things (objects, events, or patterns) that share one of two things An essential core: insects Some similarity in perceptual, biological, or functional properties: flowers, rectangles, cars Concept ? A mental structure that represents a category A mental representation of some object, event, or pattern that has stored in it much of the knowledge typically thought relevant to that object, event, or pattern. A category of shoes Mental structure of a category The Functions of Concepts and Categories Help us establish order over our knowledge base Allow us to categorize old knowledge, set up a range or criterion for us to treat new information Allow us to make predictions and act accordingly Concepts Theories of the nature and structure of concepts ? How concepts are formed or acquired ? Theories of Concepts The Classical View ? The Prototype View ? The Exemplar View ? The Schemata View ? The Knowledge-Based View ? The Classic View of Concepts Jerome Bruner One of the first to study concepts and concept learning Used a problem solving task People would try to figure out what concept Bruner had selected by picking cards, and receiving feedback as to whether the card they selected was an example of the concept or not Bruner's work resulted in the classical view of concepts The Classic View of Concepts The Feature-Based Categories A belief that all examples or instances of a concept share fundamental characteristics, or features (Medin, 1989) Concepts have defining features Disassemble a concept into a set of featural components, which are singly necessary and jointly sufficient to define the category. Triang