认知心理学第4章.ppt

Attention and Consciousness Lecturer: Dr. Siyun Liu Attention and Consciousness Attention and Consciousness The Nature of Attention and Consciousness What is attention? The means by which we actively process a limited amount of information from the enormous amount of information available through our senses, our stored memories, and our other cognitive processes. What is consciousness? Consciousness is concerned with awareness It includes both the feeling of awareness and the content of awareness, some of which may be under the focus of attention. ?The relationship of attention and consciousness Relationship Information Processing Preconscious Processing Main Type of Processing Automatic Processing Controlled Processing Attention Theories of Attention Metaphors in Visual Attention Attention and Cognitive Neuroscience Preconscious Processing What is preconscious processing? To process information that currently lies outside of conscious awareness and exists at the preconscious level of awareness. Relationship Preconscious Processing Tip-Of-The-Tongue (TOT) phenomenon The experience of feeling confident that one knows an answer, yet is unable to produce the word People try to draw information from the preconscious level but get stuck. The blocking hypothesis TOTs are caused by an alternate, more accessible word that first comes to mind that then serves to block or inhibit the retrieval of the correct target word. Reference on TOT Smith, S. M., and Tindell, D. R. (1997). Memory blocks in word fragment completion caused by involuntary retrieval of ortho-graphically related primes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 23, 355-370. James, L. E., and Burke, D. M. (2000). Phonological priming effects on word retrieval and tip-of-the-tongue experiences in young and older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 26, 1,378-1,391. Maril, A., Wagner, A. D., and Schacter, D. L. (2001). On the tip of the ton