《基础医学各论II》课件：内分泌系统生理-胰岛.pdfVIP

Endocrine Physiology (3) Endocrine Pancreas Huawei Liang, PhD E-mail: liang.huawei@ Pancreatic Islet • Types of cells – βcells: 60% • Insulin – αcells: 25% • Glucagon – δcells: 10% • Somatostatin 生长抑素 – F cells • Pancreatic polypeptide Insulin 胰岛素 • A small protein – MW 5808 – two aa. chains (A chain- 21 aa, B chain- 30 aa.) connected by S-S bonds Major Targets of Insulin Action: liver, muscle, adipose tissue • Glucose →↓Plasma glucose – stimulates glucose oxidation and glycolysis – increases glucose storage ( ↑glycogenesis, ↓glycogenolysis) – inhibits gluconeogenesis ( ↓uptake of AA in liver) utilization of glucose by brain is independent of insulin ! • Fat – promotes deposition of circulating fat into adipose tissue – inhibits lipolysis via suppressing hormone-sensitive lipase • Protein – promotes protein formation – inhibits proteolysis – contributes to body growth Major response of target cells to insulin Regulation of insulin secretion – Negative feed-back by glucose – Amino acids (proteins) – Free fatty acids – Hormones • GH, cortisol, adrenaline, glucagon – Neural • parasympathetic (stimulates) • sympathetic (inhibits) Relationship between plasma glucose insulin Insulin-glucose forms a feedback pair to maintain plasma glucose homeostasis Abnormalities of Insulin Secretion • Diabetes mellitus (糖尿病) – Causes • Lack of insulin (Type I or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)) • Decreased sensitivity of the tissues to insulin (Type II or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) Glucagon 胰高血糖素 • Linear peptid