微积分下英文教材.doc

Chapter 1 Infinite Series Generally, for the given sequence the expression ,.......,aaa......a,n21,3formed by the sequence ,.......,a......,aaan321, .......,?.....?aa?a?a?n132??, that is is called the infinite series of the constants term, denoted by an1n???= a.......,a???a.....?a?ann3121n?Where the nth term is said to be the general term of the series, moreover, partial sum of the series is given by the nth ?S.?aa?.....a?a?nn3121.1 Determine whether the infinite series converges or diverges. While its possible to add two numbers, three numbers, a hundred numbers, or even a million numbers, its impossible to add an infinite number of numbers. To form an infinite series we begin with an infinite sequence of real numbers: , we can not form the sum of all the (there is .....aa,,a,aa3210kan infinite number of the term), but we can form the partial sums 0? aa??Sk000?k1? a??aa?Sk0110?k2? a?a??a?Sak22010?k 3? a?a??a?aS?ak103230?k………………. n? a.......?a??S?a?a?a?akn320n10k?Definition 1.1.1 If the sequence {} of partial sums has a finite limit L, SnWe write ?? aL?k0k???converges to L. we call L the sum of and say that the series ak0k? the series. If the limit of the sequence {} of partial sums dont exists, we say Sn??diverges. that the series ak0?kRemark it is important to note that the sum of a series is not a sum in the ordering sense. It is a limit. EX 1.1.1 prove the following proposition: Proposition1.1.1: ??1?? converges, and then the (1) If 1?x;?xa kk1?x00?kk??? then the diverges. (2)If ,1x?xk0?k??the takes series of Proof: the nth partial sum the geometric ak0?k form ① Multiplication by x gives 123n?1x?x??x?.......S?1?xn= 1?123nn?1123n)xxS?x(1?x?x.......?x??xx?x??.......x??xnSubtracting the second equation from the first, we find that . For this gives nx?1?x)S?1(,x?1nnx1? ③ ?S n1?xIf then ,and this by equation ③. n ,x?10?xn1x1? limlim??S n1?x1?xn?0n?0This proves (1). Now let u