大气环流课件：HADLEY CIRCULATION DYNAMICS-A.ppt

SUMMARY the seasonality of the Hadley circulation The seasonality of the Hadley circulation is not completely understood by thinking only about low-level meridional convergence driven by a zonally uniform diabatic heating maximum near the equator. Momentum balances and zonal velocities are important elements for explaining the features and variations of the circulation. A :The intensification of the winter cell comes about through the u-momentum balance, when enhanced vertical wind shear and frictional dissipation are balanced by meridional flow. B:The weakening of the cell in the spring-to-summer transition is closely related to the flattening of the meridional temperature gradients as the surface responds to heating excursions off the equator. * SUMMARY the role of the continents in determining the Hadley circulation climatology with continent Decreases summer hemisphere meridional temperature gradients strengthens the winter hemisphere gradient different heat capacity weakening the summer hemisphere cells vertically stable winter hemisphere not stronging the winter hemisphere cells a rougher surface enhances the upward flux of u-momentum and Hadley circulation intensifies * * HADLEY CIRCULATION DYNAMICS Seasonality and the Role of Continents Kerry H. Cook Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York14853-1504, U.S.A. * CONTENTS 1 Introduction 2 Definition and observations of the Hadley circulation 3 A simplified set of governing equations for the Hadley circulation 4 Model simulations 5 Seasonality of the Hadley circulation 6 Continental heating and the Hadley circulation 7 Summary * 1. INTRODUCTION This chapter provides 1) an introduction to Hadley cell dynamics, including a discussion of the processes that determine the circulation’s climatology. 2)The physics of the seasonal oscillation of the Hadley circulation is emp