数据通信技术 数据通信技术 TCPIP协议基础.pptVIP

* Two protocols are provided at the transport layer: TCP and UDP Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a connection-oriented, reliable protocol. Virtual circuit service is provided between end-user applications. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is connectionless and unreliable. No software checking for datagram delivery is provided at this layer; hence, the description unreliable. * Purpose: This figure explains what is contained in an IP datagram. Emphasize: Discuss the format of the IP datagram. The current generation of IP is version 4. We need the Header Length (HLEN) and the Total Length in this example because the IP Options field allows a variable length. Time-To-Live (TTL) is a countdown field. Every station must decrement this number by one or by the number of seconds it holds onto the packet. When the counter reaches zero, the time to live expires and the packet is dropped. TTL keeps packets from endlessly wandering the internet in search of nonexistent destinations. The next generation of IP (called IPng) is IP version 6. It is covered in RFC 1752. Good references for this topic are Douglas Comer’s books on TCP/IP. * The protocol field determines the layer four protocol being carried within an IP datagram. * * Purpose: This figure explains which messages are ICMP messages. Emphasize: Describe ICMP messages and ping. * 若路由器收到一个无法传送到最终目的地的数据包，那么路由器会发送一个“ICMP主机无法到达”消息给源端。 扩展ping，tracert，adsl * * * Layer 1 of 4: Purpose: This figure shows how ARP is used to determine an IP address. In layer 1, host needs the MAC address of host . It sends an ARP request message. * Layer 2 of 4: In layer 2, host is on the same wire and receives the ARP request message. * Layer 3 of 4: In layer 3, host sends an ARP reply with its MAC address to host . * Layer 4 of 4: In layer 4, the bulleted items at the bottom of the slide appear. Emphasize: ARP provides translation between network and data link layers. Discuss why it is necessary to have a mechanism like ARP. De