3-1 Description of Consonantsv数字时代的商务英语写作.pdf

Unit 3 Consonants 3.1 Description of Consonant Phonemes Description of English consonants Consonants are formed by interrupting, narrowing or diverting the airflow in a variety of ways. There are three ways of classifying the English consonant sounds:  place of articulation (发音部位)  manner of articulation (发音方式)  voicing (声带状况) Place of articulation The following table summarises the main movements of the various articulations of English consonants: Place of articulation Bilabial produced with the two lips: /p, b, m, w/ Labio-dental produced with the upper teeth and inner lower lip: /f, v/ Dental produced with the tongue tip either between the teeth or close to the upper teeth: /θ, ð/ Alveolar produced with the tongue tip on or close to the alveolar ridge : /t, d, s, z, n, l/ Post-alveolar produced with the tip of the tongue raised close to the hard palate : /r/ Palato-alveolar produced with the tongue tip behind the alveolar ridge : /ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ/ Palatal produced with the front of the tongue close to the palate : /j/ Velar produced with the back of the tongue against the soft palate : /k, ɡ, ŋ/ Glottal produced by air passing from the windpipe through the vocal cords: /h/ Manner of articulation The manner of articulation (发音方式) refers to the way in which the airstream is obstructed. Manner of articulation Plosive A complete closure is made somewhere in the vocal cords, and the soft palate is also raised. Air (爆破音/塞音) pressure increases behind the closure, and is then released ‘explosively’: /p, b, t, d, k, ɡ/.