医学影像学：放射学总论.ppt

if a radiofrequency (RF) pulse at the resonant frequency of hydrogen is applied, a proportion of the protons change alignment, flipping through a preset angle (90°in the picture), and rotate in phase with one another. * Following this radiofrequency (RF) pulse, the protons return to their original positions. As the protons realign, they induce a radio signal which, although very weak, can be detected and localized by antenna coils placed around the patient. * hydrogen nuclei (protons) in water molecules and lipids are responsible for producing anatomical images. The strength of the signal depends not only on proton density but also on two relaxation times, * + MRI in displaying in utero fetus. Do you know why it is available to do this? MRI is non-invasive examination without radiation hazards. * * digital-to-analog convert Contrast amplifier The patient lies with the part to be examined within the gantry housing the x-ray tube and detectors. Not only can fat be distinguished from other soft tissues, but gradations of density within soft tissues can also be recognized, e.g. brain sub stance from cerebrospinal fluid, or tumour from surrounding normal tissues. * This is what I called the 4C principles. Spiral scanning requires a Continuously rotating tube/detector system which Continuously generates x-ray and this , together with Continuous table table feed during the scan will produce Continuous Data Acquisition The ability to perform continuous data acquisition is most important prerequisite for Spiral CT. + The attenuation values are expressed on an arbitrary scale (Hounsfield units) with water density being zero, air density being mines 1000 units and bone density being plus 1000 units. * * Intravenous contrast enhancement of CT are used to visualize structures or disease processes that would otherwise be invisible or difficult to see. * + Multifocal haemangiomas of liver in dynamic contrast enhancement CT: a characteristic enhancement pattern chara