生物化学（英文版）：Biochemistry-chapter 3 AA and primary structure of protein（part 1）.pptVIP

Zwitterionic form of amino acids Stereochemistry of amino acids A. Aliphatic (hydrophobic) R Groups Four aliphatic amino acid structures Important in protein structure and folding since their R groups cluster away from water Proline has a nitrogen in the aliphatic ring system Aromatic R Groups (benzene ring properties) Aromatic amino acid structuresthey absorb UV light at 280 nm C. Sulfur-Containing R Groups Methionine and cysteine Many extracellular proteins contain disulfide bridges that stabilize the 3D structure of proteins by joining adjacent peptide chains. D. Side Chains with Alcohol Groups Basic R GroupsHydrophilic with nitrogenous side chains Structures of histidine, lysine and arginine Acidic R Groups and Amide DerivativesConfer negative charges to proteins because their side chains are ionized at neutral pH Structures of aspartate, glutamate, asparagine and glutamine The Hydrophobicity of Amino Acid Side Chains Nutritional requirement of human on amino acids: Precursor AA: (a) glutamate (b) histidine (c) tyrosine (d) tyrosine 1. Reactions of α-NH2： 2. Reactions of α-COOH： 3. Reactions of α-NH2 and α-COOH： 4. Reactions of R groups： 3.5 Chemical reactions of AAs: 1. Reactions of α－NH2： (1) Reaction with HNO2（deamination）: Van Slyke methods to measure content of AAs (2) Reaction with acylating agent（for protection of －NH2 in peptides chemical synthesis): Acylating reaction Reaction with DNS-Cl: DNS-氨基酸 For the measurement of N-terminus of proteins. DNFB ＋ O2N NO2 F H2N CH COOH R DNP - AA O2N NO2 HN CH COOH R ＋ HF (3) Hydrocarbylation Reaction: For the measurement of N-terminus of proteins by Sanger. Edman reaction N C S ＋ 40℃，弱碱 N C NH R CH C O S 40℃， H+ 、硝基甲烷 COOH H2N CH R PITC 异硫氰酸苯酯 PTC- AA 苯氨基硫甲酰氨基酸 PTH- 氨基酸 苯乙内酰硫脲氨基酸 H N C NH R CH C O OH S 可用层析法鉴定出aa的种类 (4) Forming Shife base: (5) Deamination reaction by enzyme catalyse： 氨基酸氧化酶 (6) Reaction with fluorescent agents: For the labelling and modification of