神经生物学 12、夏8 下丘脑与垂体的内分泌功能.pptVIP

Neuroendocrine system The HPG axis The HPT axis The HPA axis The endocrine system differs from most of the other organ systems of the body - the various glands are not anatomically connected; however, they do form a system in the functional sense. Nervous system performs short term crisis management Endocrine system regulates long term ongoing metabolic Endocrine communication is carried out by endocrine cells releasing hormones Alter metabolic activities of tissues and organs Target cells Paracrine communication involves chemical messengers between cells within one tissue Endocrine versus Nervous system “Here in this well-concealed spot, almost to be covered with a thumbnail, lies the very main spring of primitive existence – vegetative, emotional, reproductive – on which with more or less success, man has come to superimpose a cortex of inhibitions.” Cushing (1932) rostal caudal Both human PVN and SON contain about 50.000 neurons. Almost all vasopressinergic SON neurons project to the posterior pituitary thus influencing plasma levels. In the PVN there are 3 different types of vasopressin producing neurons. Some take part in the HPA-axis, some project to the neuropituitary, some to other brain areas. Hypothalamus Parvocellular neurosecretory cell (PvC) 神经内分泌小细胞 – Hypophysiotrophic area, HTA 下丘脑促垂体区 ? 调节腺垂体内分泌活动 Magnocellular neurosecretory cell (MgC) 神经内分泌大细胞 – 视上核、室旁核 – 神经垂体激素－催产素、血管加压素 – 神经垂体激素运载蛋白I, II (Neurophysin I, II) – 神经肽：脑啡肽、内啡肽、神经肽Y The Hypothalamus - Hormones and Releasing Factors Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRH) Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH) Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH) 促黑素细胞激素释放/抑制因子（melanophore-stimulating hormone releasing factor, MRF; melanophore-stimulating hormone release-inhibiting factor, MIF)可能是催产素裂解出来的两种小分子肽 Regulation of hypothal