神经解剖学 神经元结构和递质.pptVIP

肾上腺素神经元主要分布于延髓,一部分纤维到迷走神经背核和孤束核,大部分上行投射到蓝斑核,中脑中央灰质,丘脑和下丘脑以及脊髓侧角. 4.多巴胺受体---有D1-D5共5个亚型,分为D1和D2两个大家蔟,前者包括D1和D5, D2家蔟包括D2,D3和D4.D1受体通过与Gs蛋白偶联,激活腺苷酸环化酶,从而导致cAMP依赖的PKA增加.而D2受体则通过与Gi/Go蛋白偶联,抑制腺苷酸环化酶,从而减少cAMP的生成.突触后多巴胺受体主要具有调节运动和神经精神活动的作用. 5.去甲肾上腺素受体(NA)---为G蛋白偶联受体,包括α和β两大类,并进一步分成α1, α2 ,β1和β2亚型.脑内的NA受体主要是α1和β1亚型,而脊髓内的主要是α受体.在脑内的α2 受体主要起突触前自身受体的作用, 通过Gi蛋白的介导减少cAMP的生成和cAMP依赖性蛋白激酶的活性,由此减少蛋白激酶对N型钙通道的磷酸化,致使钙通道关闭和钙内流减少,最终抑制肾上腺素的释放. Fifty years of dopamine research Trends in Neurosciences,2007;30;185 This year marks the 50th anniversary of the discovery of dopamine as a putative independent neurotransmitter in the nervous system. In 1957, Arvid Carlsson provided that dopamine as a transmitter in the CNS was independent its role as a precursor in the synthesis of noradrenaline and adrenaline. The subsequent insight, Paul Greengard proved the cellular signalling mechanisms triggered by dopamine. The Nobel Prize for Medicine in 2000(to Arvid Carlsson and Paul Greengard). 1957–1958, Carlsson … made the observation that the akinetic effects of reserpine could be reversed by an intravenous injection of the dopamine precursor 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and were correlated to a recovery of dopamine. The following year, Carlssons students ?ke Bertler reported that the bulk of dopamine in the brain was located in the striatum , and provided hypothesis that dopamine have a central role in the control of motor function . 神经纤维末 梢与感受器 Free nerve endings Exteroceptors *free nerve endings; pain temperature stimuli Naked nerve ending Epidermis Dermis Skin Tactile corpuscle Lamellar corpuscle Exteroceptors *lamellar corpuscle; tactility and pressure stimuli Epidermis Capsule continous with endoneurium Lamellae Dermis Connective tissue capsule Naked axon Core Schwann cell Myelin sheath Fibroblasts in capsule Fusimotor fibers Type Ⅱ fiber Ⅰa fiber Nuclear bag Nuclear chain Fusimotor fibers Motor end plate on nuclear chain m. fiber Mo