超大规模集成技术_翻译.docxVIP

外文原文： VLSI Technology Oneof the key inventions in the history of electronics ， and in fact one of the most important inventions ever period ，was the transistor ．It was invented by Bell Laboratories in 1948 ．In short ， a transistor is a device that conducts a variable amount of electricity through it ， depending on how much electricity is input to it a digital switch ．However，unlike the vacuumtube ，it meansthat it doesn depending on how much electricity is input to it a digital switch ．However，unlike the vacuumtube ，it meansthat it doesnt change its physical no moving parts in a transistor ． The advantages of the transistor enormous．Comparedto the old technology ， ．In other words ， it is is solid state ．This form as it over the transistors switches ． There are vacuum tube were were muchsmaller ， faster ， and cheaper to manufacture ．They were also far more reliable and used much 1ess power ．The transistor is what started the evolution of the modern computer industry in motion ． The transistor was originally a single ， discrete device ， which you could p1ace individually into a circuit muchlike any other ．Today，some special-purpose transistors are still used that way ． What allowed the creation of modern processors was the invention of the integrated circuit ， which is a group of transistors manufactured from a single piece of material and connected together internally ， without extra wiring ． Integrated circuits are also called ICs or chips ． A special material is used to make these integrated circuits ． While most materials either insulate from electrical flow (air ， glass ，wood) or conduct electricity readily(metals,water) ， there are some that only con duct electricity a small amoun to or only un der certa in con diti ons .These are called semiconductors ．The most commonly used semiconductor is of course silicon ． By careful chemical composition and arrangement ，it is possible to create a very small transistor directly on a layer of silicon ，using various technolo