国际贸易与金融ii双语课程m11_krugman_46657_09_ie_c11_f.pptVIP

Chapter 11 Trade Policy in Developing Countries Copyright ? 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Preview ? Import-substituting industrialization ? Trade liberalization since 1985 ? Trade and growth: takeoff in Asia Copyright ? 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 11-2 Introduction ? Which countries are “developing countries”? ? The term “developing countries” does not have a precise definition, but it is a name given to many low- and middle-income countries. Copyright ? 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 11-3 Table 11-1: Gross Domestic Product Per Capita, 2009 (dollars) Copyright ? 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 11-4 Import-Substituting Industrialization ? Import-substituting industrialization was a trade policy adopted by many low- and middle-income countries before the 1980s. ? The policy aimed to encourage domestic industries by limiting competing imports. Copyright ? 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 11-5 Table 11-2: Effective Protection of Manufacturing in Some Developing Countries (percent) Copyright ? 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 11-6 Import-Substituting Industrialization (cont.) ? The principal justification of this policy was/is the infant industry argument: – Countries may have a potential comparative advantage in some industries, but these industries cannot initially compete with well-established industries in other countries. – To allow these industries to establish themselves, governments should temporarily support them until they have grown strong enough to compete internationally. Copyright ? 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 11-7 Problems with the Infant Industry Argument 1. It may be wasteful to support industries now that will have a comparative advantage in the future. With protection, infant industries may never “grow up” or become competitive. There is no justification fo