第1节 酸碱理论概述一Arrhenius酸碱理论二Bransted lowrey酸碱质子理论三Lewis酸碱电子理论四 酸碱溶剂体系理论.pptVIP

第1节 酸碱理论概述;定义 酸：凡是在水中电离产生H+的物质。 碱：凡是在水中电离产生OH+的物质。 局限性：酸碱物质；酸碱反应； 溶剂的影响。; 二 酸碱质子理论;When an HCl molecule dissolves in water, a hydrogen bond forms between the H atom of HCl (the acid) and the O atom of a neighboring H2O molecule (the base). The nucleus of the hydrogen atom is pulled out of the HCl molecule to become part of a hydronium ion.;(1) A substance can act as an acid only if a base is present to accept its acidic protons. (2) An acid does not simply release its acidic proton: the proton is transferred to the base through direct contact. For example, HCl is a Br?nsted acid. In the gas phase, an HCl molecule remains intact. ;However, when HCl dissolves in water, each HCl molecule immediately transfers an H+ ion to a neighboring H2O molecule, which here is acting as a base. This process is a proton transfer reaction, a reaction in which a proton is transferred from one species to another. We say that the HCl molecule becomes deprotonated: HCl(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq);When an oxide ion is present in water, it exerts such a strong attraction on the nucleus of a hydrogen atom in a neighboring water molecule that the hydrogen ion is pulled out of the molecule as a proton. As a result, the oxide ion forms two hydroxide ions.;酸 H+ +碱;共轭酸碱统一在同一体系中质子的传递上。;The conjugate acid of a base is the acid that forms when the base has accepted a proton. A strong acid is fully deprotonated in solution; a weak acid is only partially deprotonated in solution. A strong base is completely protonated in solution; a weak base is only partially protonated in solution.; 酸和碱的强度是指酸给出质子的能力和碱接受质子的能力的强弱。; 三 Lewis酸碱电子理论;The black curved arrows show the direction in which the electrons can be thought to move; the red curved arrow shows the proton transfer.;Many nonmetal oxides are Lewis acids that react with water to give Br?nsted acids. The C atom of CO2, the Lewis acid, accepts an electron pair from the O atom of a water molecule,