科技英语复习总会.docxVIP

1 Game theory is the science of strategy ． It attempts to determine mathematically and logically the actions that “ players ’’ should take to secure the bestforoutcomthemselves in a wide array “ games．”The games it studies range from chess to child rearing and from tennis to of takeovers．But the games all share the common feature of interdependence ．That is ，the outcome for each participant depends upon the choices(strategies)of a11 ． In SO —called zero— sum games the interests of the players conflict totally,SO that one person ’gainS always is another ’ S loss． More typical are games with the potential for either mutual gain(positive sum)or mutual harm(negative sum) ， as well as some conflict ． 搏弈是有关策略的科学。 它试图以数学和逻辑的方法来帮助搏弈者作出决策， 在一系列纷繁 复杂的搏弈中应采取何种策略来保证自己获得最大利益。 搏弈论研究的搏弈的范围包括了从 下棋到抚育儿童， 从网球竞技到公司转手。 但是所有的博弈都具有一个共同的特征： 相互作用。也就是说 ,每一个博弈者的博弈结果取决于所有博弈参与者的策略选择。在零和搏弈中， 搏弈者的利益之间是完全冲突的， 因此一方的得利必然导致另一方的损失。 更多具有代表性的例子还有会导致共同得利 (正和 )搏弈和共同损失 (负和 )搏弈，同样的情况还会发生在另外一些冲突中。 The essence of a game is the interdependence of player strategies．There are two distinct types of strategic interdependence： sequential and simultaneous． In the former the players move in sequence，each aware of the others ’ previous．Inactionsthelatter the players act at the same time ， each ignorant of the others ．’ actions 搏弈的实质是搏弈者采取策略之间的相互依赖性。 这种策略性的相互依赖表现为两个不同的 类别： 连续策略之间的相互作用以及联立策略之间的相互作用。 就前者而言， 搏弈者依次采 取行动，每个人都会注意其他搏弈者先前的行为。 就后者而言，搏弈者同时采取行动， 每个 人都会忽略其他搏弈者当前的行为。 8 This logical circle is squared(the circular reasoning is brought to a conclusion)using a concept of equilibrium developed by the Princeton mathematician John Nash ． We look for a set of choices ， one for each player,such that each person is’bestSstrategyforhim when all others are playing their stipulated best strategies ． In other words ， each picks his best response to what the others do． 运用普林斯顿数学家约翰 ?纳什提出的均衡概念，可以推导出这种逻辑思维的结论。我们寻求一系列的策略组合， 每个博弈者都会有自己的选择， 当所有的对手们在实施他们决 定的最佳策略时， 我们所做的选择应该对自己是最有利的。 换句话说， 每个博弈者都会对其他人的策略作出最优化的应对。 10. When we