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外语磨蚀词汇的语言学特征
本文系国家社会科学基金资助项目“外语磨蚀的回归性
分析(10BYY027 ”的阶段性成果,并得到了国家自然科学基金 项目“基于 fMRI 的外语磨蚀选择性研究(”、“211 工程”三期重点学科建设项目“语言科技创新及工作平台建 设”和江苏高校优势学科建设工程项目的资助。
提 要:本文针对 128 名被试,运用词汇测试量表,从词频、 词形、词义以及词性等单一因素和综合因素两个层面, 分析汉语 环境中英语磨蚀词汇的语言学特征。所得结果表明:( 1)磨蚀 词汇较为明显的语言学特征是词频、 词形中的音节数、 词义中的 义项数和意象性。 目前, 尚不能确定词性是否为磨蚀词汇的显性 特征。( 2)磨蚀词汇的综合群体特征为:意象性偏低、百万词 库出现频率低于 430 次的双音节和多音节词汇。
Linguistic Features of Attrited English
VocabularyLearned in Chinese Context
Jin Xiaobing NiChuanbin
(Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, China)
This study examined linguistic features of attrited
English vocabulary learned in Chinese context. In the study, 128 college graduates were given a 500word vocabulary test which was designed to detect English vocabulary most
vulnerable to attrition. A detailed analysis of the attrited English vocabulary was then conducted to identify their linguistic features in terms of word frequency, word form, word senses and word class. The results suggest: ( 1) The linguistic features of attrited English vocabulary involve word frequency, word length, as well as polysemous senses and imageability; however, word class is not yet identified as a definite feature significantly relating to word attrition as reported in previous studies; ( 2)That
portion ofthe English vocabulary that is vulnerable to attrition tends to be the disyllables or polysyllables of relatively low imageability and with an occurrence frequency below 430 in a one millionword corpus.
引言 外语磨蚀为外语学习的逆过程, 意指外语学习者由于外语使 用的减少或停止, 其运用该语言的能力发生减退的现象 (倪传斌 2007:42-51 )。当前,对外语磨蚀进行研究的许多成果已被用 来指导相应国家制定语言政策 (秦杰、刘冬萍 2009 :152-156 )。 在外语磨蚀研究领域, 词汇磨蚀因“残留” ( savings )( Hansen 2001:60-73 )成分多、研究方法操作性强、研究结果量化度高, 而倍受国内外外语磨蚀研究者的青睐。
在过去的三十多年中, 国外有关词汇磨蚀的研究大致可分为
两类。一类以词汇与其它语言成分(如:语音等)的磨蚀差异对 比为研究重点( Bahrick 1984:1-29 ; Weltens Grendel 1993: 135-156 ;Al-Dabbous 2002:8-30 );另一类则以词汇本体为研 究对象,探讨磨蚀词汇的语言学特征( Andersen 1982:83-118 ;
Olshtain Barzilay 1991 :139-150 ;Laufer 1997 :140-155 ;
Ferguson Grainger 2005 :77-88 )。诚然,国外的外语词汇 磨蚀研究
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