生物免疫学简单介绍.pptVIP

临床免疫学研究和应用 围绕着重大疾病如感染性疾病、肿瘤、自身免疫性疾病与过敏性疾病以及器官移植排斥等的发生发展机制、诊断与病程的动态观察和预后分析、治疗与预防措施开展应用性研究。 肿瘤免疫逃逸机制与肿瘤防治新方法的设计以及肿瘤早期特异性免疫诊断如何提高,急性感染与免疫病理现象,慢性感染与免疫耐受现象(例如机体为何不能有效识别、清除HBV 感染而导致慢性乙肝) ,器官移植排斥的预警与免疫药物和免疫调节控制,自身免疫性疾病的诊断与治疗等 免疫学技术的研究和应用 疫苗、单克隆抗体、基因工程、细胞因子和免疫抑制药物等相关的免疫学技术的发展与应用 The immune system is maintained in a carefully regulated balance between the two polarised control arms, Th1 (cellular immunity) and Th2 (humoral immunity). In disease states the balance is skewed. multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and type I diabetes, have a Th1 bias, whereas cancer patients have a Th2 bias. Th1 and Th2 Cells Do not Represent All CD4+ Cells More T helper subsets Th3: TGFβ-producing CD4 T cells Tr1: IL-10-producing CD4 T cells Th9: IL-9-producing CD4 T cells Tfh: follicular helper T cells, located in the follicular regions of lymph nodes and spleen,follicular Th1/Th2/Th17 cells ANTIBODY-MEDIATED (HUMORAL) IMMUNITY Directed against extracellular microorganisms and toxins B-lymphocytes (B cells) Differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies Function as antigen-presenting cells (APC’s) Classification of Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) Immunoglobulin M (IgM) Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Immunoglobulin A (IgA) Immunoglobulin D (IgD) Immunoglobulin E (IgE) Paul Ehrlich: One of the fathers of humoral adaptive immunity 1. The Discovery of Antibody functions 2. The Nobel Laureate in Medicine 1908 Adopted from Nature Immunology, July 2008 抗体的功能 V区的功能 — 识别并特异性结合抗原 单体（IgG, IgE) — 2价 二聚体(分泌型IgA) — 4价 五聚体(IgM) — 10价 中和效应 — 中和毒素和病毒 与Ag结合 — 促吞噬细胞吞噬 抗体的结合价 实际意义 C区的功能 1.激活补体系统 Ab(IgM、IgG) + Ag ? C1q ? 补体经典途径 IgG4、IgA和 IgE的凝聚物 ? 补体旁路途径 2.介导免疫细胞活性 (1)调理作用（opsonization）：IgG + 抗原(颗粒性) ? FcγR（单核、巨噬细胞及中性粒细胞）? 促吞噬细胞吞噬； (2)ADCC：IgG + 抗原(靶