食品生物化学Chapter 17 metabolism an overview.pptVIP

Stage I: Proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids are broken down into their component building blocks, which are relatively few in number. Stage II: The various building blocks are degraded into the common product, the acetyl groups of acetyl-CoA. Stage III: Catabolism converges to three principal end products: water, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. Anabolic Pathways Diverge, Synthesizing an Astounding Variety of Biomolecules from a Limited Set of Building Blocks A rather limited collection of simple precursor molecules is sufficient to provide for the biosynthesis of virtually any cellular constituent, be it protein, nucleic acid, lipid, or polysaccharide. All of these substances are constructed from appropriate building blocks (amino acids, nucleotides, sugars, and fatty acids) via the pathways of anabolism. In turn, the building blocks can be generated from metabolites in the cell. For example, amino acids can be formed by amination of the corresponding -keto acid carbon skeletons, and pyruvate 丙酮酸 can be converted to hexoses for polysaccharide biosynthesis. Corresponding Pathways of Catabolism and Anabolism Differ in Important Ways The anabolic [,?n?b?lik] pathway for synthesis of a given end product usually does not precisely match the pathway used for catabolism of the same substance. Some of the intermediates may be common to steps in both pathways, but different enzymatic reactions and unique metabolites characterize other steps. A good example of these differences is found in a comparison of the catabolism of glucose to pyruvic acid 丙酮酸 by the pathway of glycolysis 糖酵解 and the biosynthesis of glucose from pyruvate by the pathway called gluconeogenesis 糖质新生. The glycolytic pathway from glucose to pyruvate consists of 10 enzymes. Although it may seem efficient for glucose synthesis from pyruvate to proceed by a reversal of all 10 steps, gluconeogenesis uses only seven of the glycolytic enzymes in reverse, replacing the remaining three with four enzymes specific to