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食品生物化学Chapter 29-gene transcription.pptVIP

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RNA polymerase II has more than 10 subunits and shares three of these with RNA polymerases I. In addition, the assorted TFII complexes each consist of several polypeptide chains. Thus the initiation complex for RNA polymerase II includes over 20 polypeptides. 13. Enhancers Control Transcription at a Distance Enhancers are sequences that are involved in gene regulation, especially during development or in different cell types. They enhance the initiation of transcription as a result of binding specific transcription factors. Enhancer sequences are located far away from the genes they control, perhaps thousands of base pairs away. Enhancers may be located either upstream or downstream from the promoter and the position may vary from case to case. Looping Model for Enhancer The enhancer shown here is located downstream of the start site. To enhance transcription, the enhancer first binds several transcription factors. Subsequently, the DNA forms a loop allowing the enhancer to make contact with the transcription apparatus via the bound transcription factors. Monocistronic Versus Polycistronic mRNA The typical situation in eukaryotes is to have one structural gene produce monocistronic RNA and this, in turn, be translated into a single protein. In bacteria, it is common to see several structural genes transcribed under the control of a single promoter. The RNA produced is polycistronic and yields several separate proteins. 4. How Is the Beginning of a Gene Recognized? Upstream and Downstream Regions Genes and their regulatory regions are divided into upstream and downstream portions. The upstream portion contains the promoter. The downstream region begins with the information for the 5’-untranslated component, then the structural gene. The messenger RNA begins with the 5’-untranslated region (5’-UTR), then the coding sequence for the protein, and 3’-UTR. Transcription begins by definition at the first base after the promoter. The upstream region, including the promoter

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