食品生物化学Chapter 30-Protein Synthesis.pptVIP

Amino Acids Can Join via Peptide Bonds The amino and carboxyl groups of amino acids can react in a head-to-tail fashion, eliminating a water molecule and forming a covalent amide linkage, a peptide bond. The equilibrium for this reaction in aqueous solution favors peptide bond hydrolysis. Peptide bond formation need energy input. Outline 1. Overview of protein synthesis 2. The Ribosome: The Cell’s Decoding Machine 3. Decoding the Genetic Code 4. Transfer RNA Recognizes Codons 5. Different Reading Frames Exist 6. Initiation of protein synthesis 7. Elongation of protein synthesis 8. Termination of Protein Synthesis 9. Several Ribosomes Usually Read the Same Message at Once 10. Bacterial Messenger RNA Can Code for Several Proteins 11. Transcription and Translation Are Coupled in Bacteria 12. Differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Protein Synthesis 13. Protein Synthesis Occurs in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts 14. Fewer genes, more proteins RNAP: RNA polymerase 1. Overview of protein synthesis 2. Ribosome: The Cell’s Decoding Machine The different species of rRNA are generally referred to according to their sedimentation, which are a rough measure of their relative size. Secondary Structure of a Ribosomal RNA The 16S rRNA from the small ribosomal subunit of E. coli is complex with extensive secondary structure, forming loops and stems. Red indicates regions of basepairing. Peptidyl transferase Enzyme activity on the ribosome that makes peptide bonds. The peptide bond linking amino acids in the growing protein is made by the largest ribosomal RNA, 23S rRNA (bacterial) or 28S rRNA (eukaryotic), which acts as a ribozyme. ribozyme RNA molecule that acts as an enzyme 3. Decoding the Genetic Code The 64 codons as found in messenger RNA are shown with their corresponding amino acids. As usual, bases are read from 5’ to 3’ so that the first base is at the 5’ end of the codon. Three codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) have no cognate amino acid but signal stop. AUG (encoding methion