神经系统疾病总论.pptVIP

* HP 11.24 Reactive astrocytosis: the plainly visible cytoplasm and processes of the astrocytes seen in A is proof of an insult to the nervous system. Under normal conditions only bear nuclear are usually seen. The extensive, radiating cytoplasmic processes for which the astrocyte received its name are most readily appreciated when reactive astrocytes are immunostained for GFAP (B). Reactive astrocytes have been descriptively classified according to the amount and configuration of visible cytoplasm and include the aptly named gemistocytic laden or stuffed cell (C), and pilocytic hair cell (D) types. Reactive gemistocytes are typical of the acute astrocytic reaction to CNS damage whereas dense fibrillary gliosis is commonly seen in longstanding lesions such as healed infarcts. * * * * * * A 311 interfascicular oligodendroglia In this slightly oblique longitudinal section of the corpus callosum, there are several rows of oligodendroglial nuclei between the nerve fiber bundles. They are surrounded by haloes and are closely packed. They form and maintain myelin in the central nervous system. * * * * * * A 312 perineuronal satellite oligodendroglia Several small, round nuclei arranged around neurons is a normal pattern termed satellitosis. In certain pathologic entities, such as inflammatory and neoplastic processes, abnormal cells accumulated around neurons may have a similar appearance. * * * * * * HP 11.38 Microglia: reactive microglia may take several forms. Microglial nodules (A) are focal hypercellular accumulations of microglia and astrocytes that commonly form as a response to viral and rickettsial infections. In diffuse microgliosis (B), seen in a variety of conditions including ischemia, the characteristic elongated rod-shaped nuclei are readily identified without the need for special stains. * * * * * * slide * * * * * * HP 11.39A Macrophages: discrete cell boundaries and vesicular cytoplasm serve to distinguish macrophages from other cellular constituent