第二章岩石组成与岩石物理性质.pptVIP

习题 假设有同样粒径的小球立方堆积成的岩石 当小球的直径为1mm, 请计算岩石的孔隙度和岩石的比表面积。 当小球的直径为0.5mm, 请计算岩石的孔隙度和岩石的比表面积。 讨论尺寸效应 当小球的直径为1mm 在1立方毫米的正方体中只有1个小球 则 Dual porosity is comprised of two entirely different types of void space, intergranular pore space, and voids in fractures Again, independent of sphere size Mixing of larger and smaller particles clearly has a significant affect on porosity, reducing the original porosity of 47.6% to 14%. Real formations do not consist of these perfectly shaped spheres, but these theoretical packing models help us understand the effects of particle size and distribution on porosity. Plutonic rock fragments are derived from igneous rocks, such as granite. Kaolinite may fill pores or replace detrital grains, such as feldspar. Kaolinite is relatively inert and does not react with fluids that may be introduced into the reservoir. However, kaolinite platelets have large diameters relative to pore throats. As a result, under certain reservoir, kaolinite may migrate to and block pore throats, thus reducing permeability. Kaolinite also contains water in micropores between platelets and stacks of platelets. The presence of this water in kaolinite bearing sandstone must be acknowledged during well log analysis if proper interpretation of water saturation is to be made. 浸润线 流线 等势线 下游 上游 土坝蓄水后水透过坝身流向下游 H 隧道开挖时，地下水向隧道内流动 在水位差作用下，水透过土体孔隙的现象称为渗透 二、岩石的渗透性 在压力作用下，岩石允许流体通过的性质称为岩石的渗透性。 习惯上人们常常把那些在地层压力条件下流体比较容易地沿着连通的孔隙、喉道、裂缝、溶洞流动的岩石，例如砂岩、裂缝性碳酸盐岩称为渗透性岩石；而把流体难于在其中流动的岩石、粘土或页岩、石膏、岩盐等称为非渗透性岩石。但是这种提法是不严格的，因为一方面渗透是有条件的，另一方面同一种岩石的渗透能力也是不断变化的。 二、岩石的渗透性 最先研究岩石渗滤能力大小这一现象的是法国工程师达西。他利用人工砂体研究了水的渗滤。达西的实验表明人工砂体单位面积水流的体积变化率Q/A与进口和出口两个端面间的水头差ΔH成正比，而与砂体的长度成反比。即： 二、岩石的渗透性 一、达西定律 1856年法国学者Darcy对砂土的渗透性进行研究 结论： 水在土中的渗透速度与试样的水力梯度成正比 v=ki 达西定律 水力梯度，即沿渗流方向单位距离的水头损失 二、岩石的渗透性 二、渗透变形 渗透水流将土体的细颗粒冲走、带走或局部土体产生移动，导致土体变形—————渗透变形问题（流土，管涌） 1.流土——在渗流作用下，局部土体表面隆起，或某一范围内土 粒群同时发生移动的现象