国际课程课件系列之物理boardworks Particle Physics Part 1 - Structure of the atom.pptVIP

* of 10 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 10 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 41 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 41 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 41 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 10 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 10 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 10 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 10 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 History Inside the atom Specific charge The specific charge is the charge per unit mass for a particle. It is calculated using the equation: It can be calculated for particles such as the proton, or for ions, such as the Mg2+ ion. For example, the proton: charge (C)mass (kg) specific charge = The units are coulombs per kilogram (C kg-1) specific charge = 1.60 × 10-191.67 × 10-27 = 9.58 × 107 C kg-1 Representing atoms A nucleon is a proton or a neutron, so the nucleon number of an atom is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus. It is represented by the symbol A. An atom can be represented by its chemical symbol, nucleon number and atomic number as shown. The number of protons in an atom is known as the atomic number or proton number and is represented by the symbol Z. This number defines the element to which the atom belongs. nucleon number (A) atomic number (Z) Isotopes atomic number is the same nucleon number is different Isotopes are atoms of the same element that contain different numbers of neutrons. The different masses of the atoms means that the physical properties of isotopes are slightly different. carbon-12 carbon-13 What makes a nucleus stable? Radioactive decay Atomic structure: testing * ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 Boardworks A-Level Physics Year 1 and AS Particle Physics * ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 Boardworks A-Level Physics Year 1 and AS Particle Physics Teacher notes The Higg’s boson is the only particle postulated by the Standard Model in particle physics that has not yet been observed. If found, it would help to explain the origin of mass in the universe. Photo credits (450 BC): Democritus, Science Source / Science Photo Library (1803): John Dalton, engraving 18